Honey Tree Orchard & ApiaryCedar Bluff, Virginia

The Living Museum

A Living Pedigree

The family tree of our heirloom apples

Many of the old apples in our collection are related. Published DNA studies found, for example, that King David is a child of Jonathan and Winesap, and that Keepsake is a parent of Honeycrisp. Tap any apple to travel to it, light up its family line and open its card: why it sits where it does, and the sources.

Our own trees have not been DNA-tested. Every link comes from a published study or a primary record, cited on its card.

Version 1.0.2 · Last updated · Change log

How we know

A solid line means a published DNA study showed which apple is the parent. A long-and-short dashed line means DNA showed the two are parent and child, and a published analysis of the DNA settled which is the parent. A long-dashed line means DNA showed the two are parent and child, but the study used recorded dates or older pedigrees to say which is which. A dash-dot line means DNA showed a close relationship without saying which is the parent. A fine dotted line is a reconstructed link: an in-between parent was never tested. A medium-dashed line is a written record (a breeder’s record, patent or old book) that has not been DNA-tested. Our own trees have not been DNA-tested. These links describe each variety as held in genebanks, so they show the variety’s family history, not a test of our trees. Tap any apple or root plaque to see why it is placed where it is, with the exact table and row in each source.

33of our varieties10coming 202750links from DNA studies2links from written records

The family tree of the apple varieties in the Honey Tree Orchard collection, set on an old apple tree Each variety hangs from its parent; the roots are the earliest ancestors shown. Line styles show the evidence: solid for a DNA-confirmed parent, long dashes for a DNA-confirmed pair whose direction comes from historical records or dates, long-and-short dashes for a DNA-confirmed pair whose direction comes from one published genetic test, dotted for a reported potential parent, dash-dot for DNA relatives whose direction is unknown, short dashes for the reconstructed MN 1627, and medium dashes for a written record. A second parent is written under the name. Blue Pearmain – Black Oxford: DNA close relatives; direction unknown Surprise → Pink Pearl: Written record Alexander → Wolf River: DNA-confirmed pair; which is the parent comes from historical records or dates, not DNA Alexander → Crow Egg: DNA-confirmed parent Newtown Pippin → York Imperial: DNA-confirmed pair; which is the parent comes from historical records or dates, not DNA Northern Spy → Keepsake: DNA-confirmed parent Esopus Spitzenburg → King of Tompkins County: Reported potential parent (a DNA similarity result, not a full parentage test) Margil → Cox's Orange Pippin: DNA-confirmed parent Newtown Pippin → Indo: DNA-confirmed pair; which is the parent comes from historical records or dates, not DNA Margil → Ribston Pippin: DNA-confirmed parent Winesap → Stayman Winesap: DNA-confirmed pair; which is the parent comes from historical records or dates, not DNA Reinette Franche → D'Arcy Spice: DNA-confirmed pair; which is the parent comes from historical records or dates, not DNA Golden Delicious → Mutsu (Crispin): DNA-confirmed parent Cox's Orange Pippin → Malling Kent: DNA-confirmed parent Malling Kent → Red Devil: DNA-confirmed parent Winesap → Delicious: DNA-confirmed pair; which is the parent comes from historical records or dates, not DNA Reinette Franche → Wyken Pippin: DNA-confirmed pair; which is the parent comes from historical records or dates, not DNA Reinette Franche → Esopus Spitzenburg: DNA-confirmed pair; which is the parent comes from historical records or dates, not DNA Grimes Golden → Golden Delicious: DNA-confirmed pair; which is the parent comes from historical records or dates, not DNA Reinette Franche → Patte de Loup: DNA-confirmed pair; which is the parent comes from historical records or dates, not DNA Golden Harvey → Pitmaston Pineapple: DNA-confirmed pair; which is the parent comes from historical records or dates, not DNA Golden Delicious → Goldrush: DNA-confirmed parent Reinette Franche → Golden Harvey: DNA-confirmed pair; which is the parent comes from historical records or dates, not DNA Esopus Spitzenburg → Jonathan: DNA-confirmed pair; which is the parent comes from historical records or dates, not DNA Fameuse → Otterson: DNA-confirmed parent Golden Delicious → Jonagold: DNA-confirmed parent Reinette Franche → Calville Blanc: DNA-confirmed parent Jonathan → King David: DNA-confirmed parent Reinette Franche → Nonpareil: DNA-confirmed pair; direction from one genetic test (Howard, van de Weg & Luby 2022) Jonathan → Wealthy: DNA-confirmed parent Golden Delicious → MN 1627: Reconstructed (an in-between parent was never tested) Reinette Franche → Reinette de Hollande: DNA-confirmed parent Nonpareil → Sturmer Pippin: DNA-confirmed pair; which is the parent comes from historical records or dates, not DNA McIntosh → Spartan: DNA-confirmed parent MN 1627 → Honeycrisp: Reconstructed (an in-between parent was never tested) McIntosh → Macoun: DNA-confirmed parent Wealthy → Fireside: DNA-confirmed parent Reinette de Hollande → Lamb Abbey Pearmain: DNA-confirmed parent Reinette de Hollande → Scarlet Nonpareil: DNA-confirmed parent Reinette de Hollande → Blenheim Orange: DNA-confirmed parent Macoun → Liberty: DNA-confirmed parent Liberty: In our collectionLiberty Blenheim Orange: In our collectionBlenheim Orange Scarlet Nonpareil: Ancestor · not in our collectionScarlet NonpareilANCESTOR× Nonpareil Lamb Abbey Pearmain: Coming 2027Lamb Abbey PearmainCOMING 2027 Fireside: In our collectionFireside× Northwest Greening Macoun: Ancestor · not in our collectionMacounANCESTOR Honeycrisp: In our collectionHoneycrisp× Keepsake Spartan: In our collectionSpartan× Delicious Sturmer Pippin: Coming 2027Sturmer PippinCOMING 2027 Reinette de Hollande: Ancestor · not in our collectionReinette de HollandeANCESTOR MN 1627: Ancestor · not in our collectionMN 1627ANCESTOR× Duchess of Oldenburg Wealthy: Coming 2027WealthyCOMING 2027× Duchess of Oldenburg Nonpareil: Ancestor · not in our collectionNonpareilANCESTOR King David: In our collectionKing David× Winesap Calville Blanc: Coming 2027Calville BlancCOMING 2027 Jonagold: In our collectionJonagold× Jonathan Jonathan: Coming March 2027JonathanCOMING MARCH 2027 Otterson: In our collectionOtterson× Niedzwetzkyana Crab Golden Harvey: In our collectionGolden Harvey Pitmaston Pineapple: In our collectionPitmaston Pineapple Goldrush: In our collectionGoldrush Patte de Loup: In our collectionPatte de Loup Golden Delicious: Ancestor · not in our collectionGolden DeliciousANCESTOR Esopus Spitzenburg: In our collectionEsopus Spitzenburg Wyken Pippin: In our collectionWyken Pippin Malling Kent: Ancestor · not in our collectionMalling KentANCESTOR Red Devil: In our collectionRed Devil Delicious: Ancestor · not in our collectionDeliciousANCESTOR Mutsu (Crispin): In our collectionMutsu (Crispin)× Indo D'Arcy Spice: In our collectionD'Arcy Spice Stayman Winesap: Coming 2027Stayman WinesapCOMING 2027 Ribston Pippin: In our collectionRibston Pippin Indo: Ancestor · not in our collectionIndoANCESTOR Cox's Orange Pippin: In our collectionCox's Orange Pippin King of Tompkins County: Coming 2027King of Tompkins CountyCOMING 2027 Keepsake: In our collectionKeepsake York Imperial: In our collectionYork Imperial Crow Egg: In our collectionCrow Egg× Scarlet Nonpareil Wolf River: Coming 2027Wolf RiverCOMING 2027 Pink Pearl: In our collectionPink Pearl Black Oxford: In our collectionBlack Oxford Blue Pearmain: In our collectionBlue Pearmain Margil: earliest ancestor shown on this line. Ancestor · not in our collectionMargilMargilANCESTOR McIntosh: earliest ancestor shown on this line. In our collectionMcIntoshMcIntoshIN OUR COLLECTION Alexander: earliest ancestor shown on this line. Coming 2027AlexanderAlexanderCOMING 2027 Duchess of Oldenburg: earliest ancestor shown on this line. In our collectionDuchess of OldenburgDuchess of OldenburgIN OUR COLLECTION Reinette Franche: earliest ancestor shown on this line. Ancestor · not in our collectionReinette FrancheReinette FrancheANCESTOR Winesap: earliest ancestor shown on this line. In our collectionWinesapWinesapIN OUR COLLECTION Fameuse: earliest ancestor shown on this line. In our collectionFameuseFameuseIN OUR COLLECTION Niedzwetzkyana Crab: earliest ancestor shown on this line. In our collectionNiedzwetzkyana CrabNiedzwetzkyana CrabIN OUR COLLECTION Grimes Golden: earliest ancestor shown on this line. In our collectionGrimes GoldenGrimes GoldenIN OUR COLLECTION Newtown Pippin: earliest ancestor shown on this line. In our collectionNewtown PippinNewtown PippinIN OUR COLLECTION Northern Spy: earliest ancestor shown on this line. In our collectionNorthern SpyNorthern SpyIN OUR COLLECTION Surprise: earliest ancestor shown on this line. Coming 2027SurpriseSurpriseCOMING 2027 ROOTS · THE EARLIEST ANCESTORS SHOWN

The brass plaques at the roots are the earliest ancestors shown. Each apple hangs from its parent by a fine line; the line style shows the evidence. Tap an apple or a plaque to travel to it and open its card, or tap a family name above to light up a family. Drag to move around, pinch or Ctrl + scroll to zoom, double-tap to zoom in, and ⟲ to see the whole tree again.

Stories the DNA rewrote

  • King David

    Older records cited by Muranty et al. give “?Jonathan × ?Arkansas Black”. The DNA found Jonathan × Winesap: it confirmed Jonathan, but not Arkansas Black. [1]

  • Honeycrisp

    The originally recorded parentage was Honeygold × Macoun. DNA verified Keepsake as one parent. Breeding records of several of Honeycrisp’s siblings suggested the unknown other parent is MN 1627, a University of Minnesota selection that no longer exists, and the DNA identified Duchess of Oldenburg and Golden Delicious as grandparents through that unknown parent. [3]

  • Wealthy

    The older record cited by Muranty et al. names Cherry Crab as a parent. The DNA found Jonathan × Borowitsky (another name for Duchess of Oldenburg) and did not confirm Cherry Crab. [1][2]

  • Fireside

    The older record cited by Muranty et al. gives McIntosh × Longfield. DNA identified its parents as Wealthy × Northwest Greening (Luby et al. 2022). [1][4]

  • Cox's Orange Pippin

    Older records give Ribston Pippin × ?Blenheim Orange. Both are triploids, and a 2023 DNA study found both records false: the parents are Margil × Rosemary Russet. [1][17]

  • Spartan

    Long believed to be McIntosh × Yellow Newtown, until its breeders’ own isozyme study ruled Newtown out; SNP data give McIntosh × Delicious. [20][2]

  • McIntosh

    Old records name Fameuse as McIntosh’s parent. DNA places Fameuse as a likely grandparent instead, so it is told as a story with no line drawn. [2][10]

The families at a glance

The Reinette family

  • Reinette Franche ancestor: parent of Calville Blanc, D'Arcy Spice, Patte de Loup, Wyken Pippin, Golden Harvey, Nonpareil, Esopus Spitzenburg, Reinette de Hollande
  • Calville Blanc coming 2027: child of Reinette Franche (DNA-confirmed parent)[1]
  • D'Arcy Spice: child of Reinette Franche (DNA-confirmed pair; which is the parent comes from historical records or dates, not DNA)[1]
  • Patte de Loup: child of Reinette Franche (DNA-confirmed pair; which is the parent comes from historical records or dates, not DNA)[1]
  • Wyken Pippin: child of Reinette Franche (DNA-confirmed pair; which is the parent comes from historical records or dates, not DNA)[1]
  • Golden Harvey: child of Reinette Franche (DNA-confirmed pair; which is the parent comes from historical records or dates, not DNA)[2][10]; parent of Pitmaston Pineapple
  • Pitmaston Pineapple: child of Golden Harvey (DNA-confirmed pair; which is the parent comes from historical records or dates, not DNA)[2][10]
  • Nonpareil ancestor: child of Reinette Franche (DNA-confirmed pair; direction from one genetic test (Howard, van de Weg & Luby 2022))[1][15][16]; parent of Sturmer Pippin, Scarlet Nonpareil
  • Sturmer Pippin coming 2027: child of Nonpareil (DNA-confirmed pair; which is the parent comes from historical records or dates, not DNA)[1][2]
  • Blenheim Orange: child of Reinette de Hollande (DNA-confirmed parent)[15][17]
  • Reinette de Hollande ancestor: child of Reinette Franche (DNA-confirmed parent)[1]; parent of Scarlet Nonpareil, Lamb Abbey Pearmain, Blenheim Orange
  • Lamb Abbey Pearmain coming 2027: child of Reinette de Hollande (DNA-confirmed parent)[1]
  • Scarlet Nonpareil ancestor: child of Nonpareil × Reinette de Hollande (DNA-confirmed parent)[2]; parent of Crow Egg
  • Esopus Spitzenburg: child of Reinette Franche (DNA-confirmed pair; which is the parent comes from historical records or dates, not DNA)[1][2]; parent of King of Tompkins County, Jonathan
  • King of Tompkins County coming 2027: child of Esopus Spitzenburg (Reported potential parent (a DNA similarity result, not a full parentage test))[15][18]

Jonathan & Winesap

  • Jonathan coming March 2027: child of Esopus Spitzenburg (DNA-confirmed pair; which is the parent comes from historical records or dates, not DNA)[1][2]; parent of King David, Wealthy, Jonagold
  • King David: child of Jonathan × Winesap (DNA-confirmed parent)[1]
  • Winesap: parent of King David, Delicious, Stayman Winesap
  • Stayman Winesap coming 2027: child of Winesap (DNA-confirmed pair; which is the parent comes from historical records or dates, not DNA)[13][15]
  • Delicious ancestor: child of Winesap (DNA-confirmed pair; which is the parent comes from historical records or dates, not DNA)[1][2]; parent of Spartan
  • Wealthy coming 2027: child of Jonathan × Duchess of Oldenburg (DNA-confirmed parent)[1][2]; parent of Fireside
  • Fireside: child of Wealthy × Northwest Greening (DNA-confirmed parent)[1][2][4][10]
  • Northwest Greening ancestor: parent of Fireside

Golden Delicious & Minnesota

  • Jonagold: child of Golden Delicious × Jonathan (DNA-confirmed parent)[5][15][17][18]
  • Grimes Golden: parent of Golden Delicious
  • Golden Delicious ancestor: child of Grimes Golden (DNA-confirmed pair; which is the parent comes from historical records or dates, not DNA)[1][2]; parent of Goldrush, MN 1627, Jonagold, Mutsu (Crispin)
  • Goldrush: child of Golden Delicious (DNA-confirmed parent)[1][2]
  • Mutsu (Crispin): child of Golden Delicious × Indo (DNA-confirmed parent, Written record)[6][15][18]
  • Indo ancestor: child of Newtown Pippin (DNA-confirmed pair; which is the parent comes from historical records or dates, not DNA)[1]; parent of Mutsu (Crispin)
  • Newtown Pippin: parent of York Imperial, Indo
  • York Imperial: child of Newtown Pippin (DNA-confirmed pair; which is the parent comes from historical records or dates, not DNA)[1]
  • MN 1627 ancestor: child of Golden Delicious × Duchess of Oldenburg (Reconstructed (an in-between parent was never tested))[2][3]; parent of Honeycrisp
  • Honeycrisp: child of MN 1627 × Keepsake (DNA-confirmed parent, Reconstructed (an in-between parent was never tested))[2][3]
  • Keepsake: child of Northern Spy (DNA-confirmed parent)[2][3]; parent of Honeycrisp
  • Northern Spy: parent of Keepsake

McIntosh & Fameuse

  • Fameuse: parent of Otterson
  • McIntosh: parent of Spartan, Macoun
  • Spartan: child of Delicious × McIntosh (DNA-confirmed parent)[2]
  • Macoun ancestor: child of McIntosh (DNA-confirmed parent)[2]; parent of Liberty
  • Liberty: child of Macoun (DNA-confirmed parent)[2]
  • Otterson: child of Fameuse × Niedzwetzkyana Crab (DNA-confirmed parent)[2]
  • Niedzwetzkyana Crab: parent of Otterson

Duchess & Alexander

  • Crow Egg: child of Scarlet Nonpareil × Alexander (DNA-confirmed parent)[2]
  • Duchess of Oldenburg: parent of Wealthy, MN 1627
  • Alexander coming 2027: parent of Crow Egg, Wolf River
  • Wolf River coming 2027: child of Alexander (DNA-confirmed pair; which is the parent comes from historical records or dates, not DNA)[1][2]

Cox and its line

  • Margil ancestor: parent of Cox's Orange Pippin, Ribston Pippin
  • Cox's Orange Pippin: child of Margil (DNA-confirmed parent)[1][2][15][17]; parent of Malling Kent
  • Ribston Pippin: child of Margil (DNA-confirmed parent)[15][17][18]
  • Malling Kent ancestor: child of Cox's Orange Pippin (DNA-confirmed parent)[2]; parent of Red Devil
  • Red Devil: child of Malling Kent (DNA-confirmed parent)[2]

Small families

  • Blue Pearmain: parent of Black Oxford
  • Black Oxford: close relative of Blue Pearmain (DNA relatives; which is the parent is not known)[10]
  • Surprise coming 2027: parent of Pink Pearl
  • Pink Pearl: child of Surprise (Written record)[8][9]

Change log

  • Version 1.0.2
    Optional sound: a speaker button and “Play music” (Debussy’s “Clair de lune”, piano), with a soft harp sweep when a family line lights up. Sound stays off until you turn it on.
  • Version 1.0.1
    The view now returns to the whole tree after closing a card.
  • Version 1.0
    First published edition: 54 varieties, 52 links, each tied to a published study or primary record.

Sources and credits

Data adapted from Muranty et al. 2020, BMC Plant Biology 20:2, CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); changes made.

Howard et al. 2017 and 2021; Howard, van de Weg & Luby 2022; Howard et al. 2023; Ordidge et al. 2018; Larsen et al. 2024; Migicovsky et al. 2021: CC BY 4.0, with attribution. Facts and short quotations only; no figures reproduced.

Luby et al. 2022 (HortScience): CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Facts cited only; no figures or tables adapted.

Beach 1905, Hogg 1884 and US Plant Patent 723: public domain. UK National Fruit Collection records: Open Government Licence.

Yoshida 1977 (JARQ), Hampson, Quamme & MacDonald 1999, Orange Pippin variety pages and Cornell’s Jonagold fact sheet (FLS-150): facts and short quotations only.

MUNQ genotype catalogue (Denancé, Muranty & Durel 2020, Recherche Data Gouv): Licence Ouverte / Open Licence (Etalab).

Licences are shown where the publisher states one.

  1. Muranty et al. 2020, BMC Plant Biology 20:2. Muranty H. et al. 2020. Using whole-genome SNP data to reconstruct a large multi-generation pedigree in apple germplasm. BMC Plant Biology 20:2. doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-2171-6 · free full text Open access under CC BY 4.0; data under CC0 1.0 (terms).
  2. Howard et al. 2021, Horticulture Research 8:202. Howard N.P. et al. 2021. The use of shared haplotype length information for pedigree reconstruction in asexually propagated outbreeding crops, demonstrated for apple and sweet cherry. Horticulture Research 8:202. doi.org/10.1038/s41438-021-00637-5 · free full text Open access under CC BY 4.0 (terms).
  3. Howard et al. 2017, Horticulture Research 4:17003. Howard N.P. et al. 2017. Elucidation of the ‘Honeycrisp’ pedigree through haplotype analysis with a multi-family integrated SNP linkage map and a large apple (Malus×domestica) pedigree-connected SNP data set. Horticulture Research 4:17003. doi.org/10.1038/hortres.2017.3 · free full text Open access under CC BY 4.0 (terms).
  4. Luby et al. 2022, HortScience 57(3):472–477. Luby J.J., Howard N.P., Tillman J.R., Bedford D.S. 2022. Extended pedigrees of apple cultivars from the University of Minnesota breeding program elucidated using SNP array markers. HortScience 57(3):472–477. doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI16354-21 Open access under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 (terms).
  5. Cornell University, NYS Agricultural Experiment Station: ‘Jonagold’ fact sheet. Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station. ‘Jonagold’ apple fact sheet (FLS-150). ecommons.cornell.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/b6ccdd8e-d26f-4e18-a742-8a8aab6db2c8/content
  6. Yoshida 1977, Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly 11(1):56–59. Yoshida Y. 1977. Progress of apple breeding in Japan. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly 11(1):56–59. www.jircas.go.jp/sites/default/files/publication/jarq/11-1-056-059_0.pdf
  7. UK National Fruit Collection, McIntosh record. UK National Fruit Collection (Brogdale), variety record: McIntosh. www.nationalfruitcollection.org.uk/full2.php?id=3874&fruit=apple
  8. Etter, U.S. Plant Patent 723 (1947). Etter A.F. 1947. U.S. Plant Patent 723, Apple tree. patents.google.com/patent/USPP723P · free full text Source: United States Patent and Trademark Office, www.uspto.gov (terms).
  9. USDA GRIN, accession PI 588980 (Pink Pearl). USDA ARS Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), accession PI 588980, Pink Pearl. npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/accessiondetail?id=1006568
  10. Migicovsky et al. 2021, Horticulture Research 8:9. Migicovsky Z. et al. 2021. Genomic consequences of apple improvement. Horticulture Research 8:9. doi.org/10.1038/s41438-020-00441-7 · free full text Open access under CC BY 4.0 (terms).
  11. Downing & Downing 1872, The Fruits and Fruit-Trees of America. Downing A.J., Downing C. 1872. The Fruits and Fruit-Trees of America, new edition. New York: J. Wiley & Son (Internet Archive scan). archive.org/details/fruitsfruittre00down/page/n311/mode/1up Public domain (terms).
  12. Beach 1905, The Apples of New York, vol. 1, p. 16. Beach S.A. 1905. The Apples of New York, vol. 1, p. 16. New York Agricultural Experiment Station (Internet Archive scan). archive.org/details/applesofnewyork01beac/page/16/mode/1up Public domain (terms).
  13. Beach 1905, The Apples of New York, vol. 1. Beach S.A. 1905. The Apples of New York, vol. 1. New York Agricultural Experiment Station (Internet Archive scan). archive.org/details/applesofnewyork01beac/page/n545/mode/1up Public domain (terms).
  14. Beach 1905, The Apples of New York, vol. 2. Beach S.A. 1905. The Apples of New York, vol. 2. New York Agricultural Experiment Station (Internet Archive scan). archive.org/details/applesofnewyork02beac Public domain (terms).
  15. Larsen et al. 2024, Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 72:2397–2411. Larsen B., Howard N., Denancé C., et al. 2024 (issue 2025). Cultivar fingerprinting and SNP-based pedigree reconstruction in Danish heritage apple cultivars utilizing genotypic data from multiple germplasm collections in the world. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 72:2397–2411. doi.org/10.1007/s10722-024-02104-1 Open access under CC BY 4.0 (terms).
  16. Howard, van de Weg & Luby 2022, Horticulture Research 9:uhab069. Howard N.P., van de Weg E., Luby J.J. 2022. A new method to reconstruct the direction of parent-offspring duo relationships using SNP array data and its demonstration on ancient and modern cultivars in the outcrossing species Malus × domestica. Horticulture Research 9:uhab069. doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhab069 · free full text Open access under CC BY 4.0 (terms).
  17. Howard et al. 2023, Plants, People, Planet 5:98–111. Howard N.P., Micheletti D., Luby J.J., Durel C.-E., Denancé C., Muranty H., Ordidge M., Albach D.C. 2023. Pedigree reconstruction for triploid apple cultivars using single nucleotide polymorphism array data. Plants, People, Planet 5:98–111. doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10313 · free full text Open access under CC BY 4.0 (terms).
  18. Ordidge et al. 2018, PLoS ONE 13(9):e0202405. Ordidge M. et al. 2018. Genetic analysis of a major international collection of cultivated apple varieties reveals previously unknown historic heteroploid and inbred relationships. PLoS ONE 13(9):e0202405. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202405 · free full text Open access under CC BY 4.0 (terms).
  19. Denancé, Muranty & Durel 2020, MUNQ genotype codes (dataset). Denancé C., Muranty H., Durel C.-E. 2020. MUNQ – Malus UNiQue genotype code for grouping apple accessions corresponding to a unique genotypic profile. Dataset, Recherche Data Gouv (INRAE). doi.org/10.15454/HKGMAS Licence Ouverte / Open Licence (Etalab 2.0) (terms).
  20. Hampson, Quamme & MacDonald 1999, Fruit Varieties Journal 53(4):190–192. Hampson C.R., Quamme H.A., MacDonald R.A. 1999. ‘Spartan’ Apple. Fruit Varieties Journal 53(4):190–192 (American Pomological Society). journal.americanpomological.org/index.php/jofaps/article/download/2366/2370/5091
  21. UK National Fruit Collection, Cox’s Orange Pippin record. UK National Fruit Collection (Brogdale), variety record: Cox’s Orange Pippin. www.nationalfruitcollection.org.uk/full2.php?id=1330&fruit=apple
  22. UK National Fruit Collection, King David record. UK National Fruit Collection (Brogdale), variety record: King David. www.nationalfruitcollection.org.uk/full2.php?id=3223&fruit=apple
  23. UK National Fruit Collection, Pitmaston Pineapple record. UK National Fruit Collection (Brogdale), variety record: Pitmaston Pineapple. www.nationalfruitcollection.org.uk/full2.php?id=4683&fruit=apple
  24. Orange Pippin, Wealthy page. Orange Pippin, variety page: Wealthy (a popular apple-variety website). www.orangepippin.com/varieties/apples/wealthy
  25. Orange Pippin, Spartan page. Orange Pippin, variety page: Spartan (a popular apple-variety website). www.orangepippin.com/varieties/apples/spartan

Music and sound. “Clair de lune” (Claude Debussy), performed by Laurens Goedhart, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons; trimmed, faded and loudness-adjusted. Harp glissando: public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (File:Gliss.ogg); pitched and shortened.

About the data

Everything on this page, every variety, link, reason and source, comes from one data file: family-tree-data.json (version 1.0.2). Corrections and new research are added to the change log above.

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